Ring homomorphism

 ( Homomorphism ) 

In mathematics, a ring homomorphism is a structure-preserving function between two rings. More explicitly, if R and S are rings, then a ring homomorphism is a function that preserves addition, multiplication and multiplicative identity; that is,

$\backslash begin\{align\}$

f(a+b)&= f(a) + f(b),\\ f(ab) &= f(a)f(b), \\ f(1_R) &= 1_S, \end{align} for all a, b in R.

These conditions imply that additive inverses and the additive identity are also preserved.

If, in addition, is a bijection, then its Inverse function ⁻¹ is also a ring homomorphism. In this case, is called a ring isomorphism, and the rings R and S are called isomorphic. From the standpoint of ring theory, isomorphic rings have exactly the same properties.

If R and S are s, then the corresponding notion is that of a homomorphism, defined as above except without the third condition f(1 _R) = 1 _S. A homomorphism between (unital) rings need not be a ring homomorphism.

The composition of two ring homomorphisms is a ring homomorphism. It follows that the rings forms a category with ring homomorphisms as (see Category of rings). In particular, one obtains the notions of ring endomorphism, ring isomorphism, and ring automorphism.

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Properties Let be a ring homomorphism. Then, directly from these definitions, one can deduce:

• f(0 _R) = 0 _S.
• f(− a) = − f( a) for all a in R.
• For any unit a in R, f( a) is a unit element such that . In particular, f induces a group homomorphism from the (multiplicative) group of units of R to the (multiplicative) group of units of S (or of im( f)).
• The image of f, denoted im( f), is a subring of S.
• The kernel of f, defined as , is a two-sided ideal in R. Every two-sided ideal in a ring R is the kernel of some ring homomorphism.
• A homomorphism is injective if and only if its kernel is the zero ideal.
• The characteristic of S divides the characteristic of R. This can sometimes be used to show that between certain rings R and S, no ring homomorphism exists.
• If R_p is the smallest subring contained in R and S_p is the smallest subring contained in S, then every ring homomorphism induces a ring homomorphism .
• If R is a division ring and S is not the zero ring, then is injective.
• If both R and S are fields, then im( f) is a subfield of S, so S can be viewed as a field extension of R.
• If I is an ideal of S then ⁻¹( I) is an ideal of R.
• If R and S are commutative and P is a prime ideal of S then ⁻¹( P) is a prime ideal of R.
• If R and S are commutative, M is a maximal ideal of S, and is surjective, then ⁻¹( M) is a maximal ideal of R.
• If R and S are commutative and S is an integral domain, then ker( f) is a prime ideal of R.
• If R and S are commutative, S is a field, and is surjective, then ker( f) is a maximal ideal of R.
• If is surjective, P is prime (maximal) ideal in R and , then f( P) is prime (maximal) ideal in S.

Moreover,

• The composition of ring homomorphisms and is a ring homomorphism .
• For each ring R, the identity map is a ring homomorphism.
• Therefore, the class of all rings together with ring homomorphisms forms a category, the category of rings.
• The zero map that sends every element of R to 0 is a ring homomorphism only if S is the zero ring (the ring whose only element is zero).
• For every ring R, there is a unique ring homomorphism . This says that the ring of integers is an initial object in the category of rings.
• For every ring R, there is a unique ring homomorphism from R to the zero ring. This says that the zero ring is a terminal object in the category of rings.
• As the initial object is not isomorphic to the terminal object, there is no zero object in the category of rings; in particular, the zero ring is not a zero object in the category of rings.

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Examples

• The function , defined by is a surjective ring homomorphism with kernel n Z (see Modular arithmetic).
• The complex conjugation is a ring homomorphism (this is an example of a ring automorphism).
• For a ring R of prime characteristic p, is a ring endomorphism called the Frobenius endomorphism.
• If R and S are rings, the zero function from R to S is a ring homomorphism if and only if S is the zero ring (otherwise it fails to map 1 _R to 1 _S). On the other hand, the zero function is always a homomorphism.
• If R X denotes the ring of all in the variable X with coefficients in the R , and C denotes the , then the function defined by (substitute the imaginary unit i for the variable X in the polynomial p ) is a surjective ring homomorphism. The kernel of f consists of all polynomials in RX that are divisible by .
• If is a ring homomorphism between the rings R and S, then f induces a ring homomorphism between the .
• Let V be a vector space over a field k. Then the map given by is a ring homomorphism. More generally, given an abelian group M, a module structure on M over a ring R is equivalent to giving a ring homomorphism .
• A unital algebra homomorphism between unital associative algebras over a commutative ring R is a ring homomorphism that is also R-linear.

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Non-examples

• The function defined by is not a ring homorphism, but is a homomorphism (and endomorphism), with kernel 3 Z/6 Z and image 2 Z/6 Z (which is isomorphic to Z/3 Z).
• There is no ring homomorphism for any .
• If R and S are rings, the inclusion that sends each r to ( r,0) is a rng homomorphism, but not a ring homomorphism (if S is not the zero ring), since it does not map the multiplicative identity 1 of R to the multiplicative identity (1,1) of .

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Category of rings

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Endomorphisms, isomorphisms, and automorphisms

• A ring endomorphism is a ring homomorphism from a ring to itself.
• A ring isomorphism is a ring homomorphism having a 2-sided inverse that is also a ring homomorphism. One can prove that a ring homomorphism is an isomorphism if and only if it is bijective as a function on the underlying sets. If there exists a ring isomorphism between two rings R and S, then R and S are called isomorphic. Isomorphic rings differ only by a relabeling of elements. Example: Up to isomorphism, there are four rings of order 4. (This means that there are four pairwise non-isomorphic rings of order 4 such that every other ring of order 4 is isomorphic to one of them.) On the other hand, up to isomorphism, there are eleven s of order 4.
• A ring automorphism is a ring isomorphism from a ring to itself.

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Monomorphisms and epimorphisms Injective ring homomorphisms are identical to in the category of rings: If is a monomorphism that is not injective, then it sends some r₁ and r₂ to the same element of S. Consider the two maps g₁ and g₂ from Z x to R that map x to r₁ and r₂, respectively; and are identical, but since is a monomorphism this is impossible.

However, surjective ring homomorphisms are vastly different from in the category of rings. For example, the inclusion with the identity mapping is a ring epimorphism, but not a surjection. However, every ring epimorphism is also a strong epimorphism, the converse being true in every category.

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See also

• Change of rings

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Notes

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Citations

• David Eisenbud (1995). 9780387942681, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9780387942681
• (2025). 9781402026904, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9781402026904
• (1985). 9780486471891, Courier Corporation. . ISBN 9780486471891
• 3rd

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